Children of the South Caucasus

Georgia's deinstitutionalisation policy has proved successful in addressing the needs of children deprived of parental care, but some concerns remain. In neighbouring Armenia and Azerbaijan, thousands of kids are still living in Soviet-era institutions

At just eight months of age, Tiesa and her two sisters were abandoned by a roadside. They survived by eating roadkill — frogs, in fact — and drinking water from puddles before being discovered. The children, two of them with learning disabilities, were placed in Tbilisi’s Infant House, an orphanage by any other name.

According to EveryChild , a British children’s charity with a country office in Georgia, very little was known about them. “When they were found, the girls didn’t know their full names or even how old they were,” wrote EveryChild Fundraising Director John Bines in a 2012 Christmas appeal.

But even though the young girls were given refuge in an institution, their situation highlighted another problem. Children deprived of parental care, and especially those from socially vulnerable families or with disabilities, were not being properly accommodated or supported by the State.

“We need more emergency foster carers and long-term foster carers with specialist training,” Bines quoted the institution’s Director as saying. “There should be no places like this, no institutions. It’s better to abolish the institutions and develop services for infants and babies.”

Fortunately, for Tiesa and her siblings, that is now almost the situation today following a policy of deinstitutionalisation in Georgia introduced in 2006. “The lack of individual care and attention hinders child development,” a 2011 EveryChild report on children in residential care worldwide read.

Soviet-era orphanages

An earlier report by the World Bank on neighbouring Armenia was also critical. "With the declining level of services in residential institutions, the current trend is creating an underclass of children marked by poverty, stigmatisation and a lack of proper care and education who are likely to lack opportunity as adults," Aleksandra Posarac and Jjalte Sederlof wrote in June 2002.

Yet, while well down from the 12,000 enrolled at the time of the World Bank report, there still remain 4,900 children in Soviet-era boarding schools in Armenia and, according to UNICEF, around 10,000 children in institutions in Georgia’s other South Caucasus neighbour, Azerbaijan, in 2010.

But thanks to the policy of introducing and supporting alternative forms of care for children deprived of parental care, only around 120 children officially remain in institutions in Georgia. Before the process of reform started, there were over 5,000. The number of institutions has also been reduced from 49 to just 3.

One of Tiesa’s sisters, for example, was placed in emergency foster care after it transpired that she was not developing at the Infant House. Her progress was so rapid with her foster mother that her stay was extended. “But because she is registered as disabled, no one wants to adopt her locally,” Everychild’s Meg Jackson told Osservatorio. “She has now been put up for adoption internationally.”

Children with disabilities

There are other problems too. According to UNICEF, there were approximately 1,500 children living or working on the streets of Georgia in 2008. A two-year €850,000 project launched by UNICEF and World Vision in February 2013 to address their situation has so far failed to result in any visible change.

The closed nature of church-operated institutions is another concern and one that was raised recently in a BBC report on the disabled. “Most children with disabilities are not being moved from institutions to foster care, Eric Matthews, a Disability Rights International (DRI) researcher was quoted as saying. “Some children with disabilities have died, some have moved to adult facilities. Others have been moved to Church-run facilities with no government oversight.”

“The government’s lack of information concerning the number or location of children in church-run institutions creates a danger that children could be abused or trafficked without the government’s knowledge,” Left Behind, the DRI report published at the end of last year, warned.

While others such as EveryChild Georgia Director Andro Dadiani say that disabled children have not been moved to those institutions, they do admit there is a problem. “There have been cases when the children reintegrated with biological parents have ended up in the church institutions or begging in the streets,” he told Osservatorio.

Group homes

“Deinstitutionalisation is definitely a great success, not only in the former Soviet Union, but also in terms of Eastern Europe,” he continues. “The Czech Republic, Romania, and Poland are still running large scale institutions for children. Georgia is definitely a champion in that regard.”

Working with World Vision and others, for example, EveryChild helped establish 15 group homes, each able to accommodate up to eight children each. These are intended to cater for those children unable to be reintegrated in their biological families or placed in foster care. They represent another “family-like” option for alternative care.

The organisation has also worked with other local NGOs to provide support for children, and especially those with disabilities. First Step Georgia is one example. “We’re long time partners,” says Dadiani. “We started foster care for the disabled and also trained their social workers.”

As testimony to the relative success of deinstitutionalisation, Dadiani says that EveryChild Georgia will cease its operations in March.

“Its successor, Partnership 4 Children (P4C), plans to primarily work with the church on both deinstitutionalisation and the development of new services,” he explains. “Another challenge is the limited number and variety of services and means to support families.”

While recognising the progress registered in Georgia, ChildPact — a regional coalition working on child and youth welfare — also reiterated such needs in a January 2014 press release. “[The] lack of family support services as a means to prevent further institutionalization and the presence of street children remain a key concern.”

Onnik Krikorian accompanied EveryChild on a field trip to closed institutions, foster families, and group homes in Georgia at the end of November 2013 as part of his ongoing work since 2001 on socially vulnerable families in the South Caucasus. Tiesa’s name has been changed.

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